Author name: Edward Stephen Jr.

Reading a file line by line is a common task in C programming, especially when working with text files containing structured data, logs, or user input. Processing files line by line allows programs to handle large files efficiently without loading the entire content into memory at once. In this tutorial, we will show how to […]

In C programming, function arguments are usually passed by value, which means the function receives a copy of the variable. Any changes made inside the function do not affect the original variable. Call by reference is a technique where you pass the address of the variable to the function using pointers. This allows the function

Function pointers are pointers that store the address of a function instead of a variable. They allow you to call functions indirectly, pass functions as arguments, and implement dynamic behavior such as callback mechanisms. In C programming, understanding function pointers is crucial for writing flexible and modular code. Function pointers are often used in event-driven

Double pointers are pointers that store the address of another pointer. They are used in C for dynamic memory allocation, passing pointers to functions, and handling multidimensional arrays. Understanding double pointers helps programmers manage complex data structures efficiently. In this tutorial, we will explore how double pointers work, how to declare and use them, and

Calculating the standard deviation of a set of numbers is a common statistical operation. Standard deviation measures how spread out the numbers are from the mean. In C, we can implement this using arrays, loops, functions, and pointers for efficient computation. Program 1: Using Loops The simplest approach uses arrays and loops to calculate the

Trimming whitespace from a string is an essential operation in text processing. Often, user input or data from files contains unwanted spaces at the beginning or end of a string. Removing these spaces is necessary for proper formatting, comparison, or storage. In C, strings are arrays of characters ending with a null terminator (\0). By

Removing characters from a string is a common operation in text processing, data cleaning, and formatting tasks. In C, strings are arrays of characters ending with a null terminator (\0). By scanning the string and selectively skipping unwanted characters, you can produce a cleaned-up version of the text. In this tutorial, we will learn how

Converting a string to lowercase is a very common operation in C programming. Normally, you might use the strlwr() function, but like strupr(), it is not part of the standard C library and may not work in every compiler. That is why it is useful to know how to implement this operation manually. Understanding lowercase

Converting a string to uppercase is a common task in C programming. Normally, you can use the strupr() function, but it is not part of the C standard library and may not be available in all compilers. For this reason, it is useful to know how to convert a string to uppercase manually. Understanding how

Arrays are one of the most important data structures in C. They allow you to store multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations. While array elements are usually accessed using indices, pointers provide an alternative that is more flexible and can be used for advanced memory operations. Using pointers to access array