Author name: Edward Stephen Jr.

The HTML5 <canvas> element offers a blank canvas in the browser—literally—upon which you can draw shapes, text, images, and even animations. Instead of relying on static image files, canvas gives you fine-grained control pixel by pixel, enabling dynamic and interactive graphics. This guide will introduce you to the basics of setting up a canvas, drawing […]

JavaScript’s object-oriented programming has evolved greatly, especially with the introduction of private properties. Private properties allow developers to hide internal details of an object, making sure that some data stays protected and cannot be accessed or modified from outside the object. This encapsulation concept is important for building robust applications, as it ensures that the

In JavaScript, classes allow you to create objects with shared structure and behavior. Among the many features of classes, static properties hold a unique place. Unlike instance properties, which belong to each individual object created from a class, static properties belong to the class itself. This means static properties are shared across all instances and

Understanding properties in JavaScript object-oriented programming is key to creating rich and meaningful objects. Properties represent the data or state associated with an object or a class. Simply put, if a JavaScript object were a character in a story, its properties would describe who it is — its name, age, color, or any attribute that

In JavaScript’s object-oriented programming world, classes are blueprints for creating objects with shared properties and behaviors. Typically, methods defined inside classes operate on instances—these are individual objects created from the class blueprint. However, there is a special category of methods called static methods that belong to the class itself, rather than any object created from

In object-oriented programming, method overriding is a powerful feature that allows a subclass or child object to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its parent or superclass. This means that when the method is called on an instance of the subclass, the subclass’s version of the method runs instead

Polymorphism is one of the core concepts in object-oriented programming. The word “polymorphism” means “many forms,” and in programming, it allows different objects to be treated through a common interface while exhibiting different behaviors. This concept enables programmers to write more flexible and reusable code because the exact type of the object can be decided

Encapsulation is one of the core principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It means bundling the data (properties) and the methods (functions) that work on that data into a single unit, usually an object. But beyond just grouping, encapsulation controls how data inside an object is accessed or modified. It hides the internal details from the

JavaScript’s object system is unique compared to many classical languages because it is based on prototypical inheritance. Unlike classical inheritance where classes inherit from other classes, JavaScript objects inherit directly from other objects through a prototype chain. This model allows objects to share properties and methods by linking to a prototype object, which can then

Inheritance is a core concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows one class to inherit properties and methods from another. In JavaScript, inheritance lets developers create new classes that build upon existing ones, promoting code reuse and logical structure. When a class inherits from another, it can access and use the parent’s features while also