A stack is a very useful data structure that follows the principle of Last In, First Out (LIFO). This means that the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed. Stacks are used in many areas of programming such as function call management, undo/redo operations, and expression evaluation. In this […]

When working with files in C, it is crucial to ensure that a file can be accessed with the desired permissions before attempting to read from or write to it. If you try to read from a file without the correct permission, your program may fail or behave unexpectedly. Similarly, attempting to write to a

Finding the size of a file is a common task in C programming. Knowing the file size is useful for memory allocation, file processing, and performance optimization. For example, if you want to read a file into memory, knowing its size helps allocate the exact amount of memory required. In this tutorial, we will explore

Deleting a file is a common operation in programming, whether it is for cleaning up temporary data, removing obsolete files, or managing storage efficiently. In C, the standard library provides a simple function, remove(), that allows you to delete files from the filesystem. This function is portable and works across different operating systems. In this

When working with files in C, it is important to check if a file exists before performing operations like reading, writing, or appending. If you try to open a file that does not exist for reading, the program may fail unexpectedly. By checking the file’s existence first, you can prevent errors and give meaningful feedback

Listing directory contents is a fundamental operation in C programming. It is useful for file management, system utilities, and automation tasks. Directories may contain files, subdirectories, and hidden entries, so handling them correctly is essential for building robust programs. In this tutorial, we will cover multiple approaches to list directories in C. You will learn

Deleting directories is a common task in programming, whether it is for cleaning up temporary files, managing storage, or removing outdated data. In C, the standard library provides functions that allow you to remove empty directories, while recursive deletion is needed for directories containing files or subdirectories. In this tutorial, we will explore both approaches,

Reading a file line by line is a common task in C programming, especially when working with text files containing structured data, logs, or user input. Processing files line by line allows programs to handle large files efficiently without loading the entire content into memory at once. In this tutorial, we will show how to

In C programming, function arguments are usually passed by value, which means the function receives a copy of the variable. Any changes made inside the function do not affect the original variable. Call by reference is a technique where you pass the address of the variable to the function using pointers. This allows the function

Function pointers are pointers that store the address of a function instead of a variable. They allow you to call functions indirectly, pass functions as arguments, and implement dynamic behavior such as callback mechanisms. In C programming, understanding function pointers is crucial for writing flexible and modular code. Function pointers are often used in event-driven