Python is more than just a language for writing code—it’s a powerful tool for automation, scripting, and system integration. One of its most useful capabilities is the ability to run external programs directly from your Python scripts. This becomes essential when you need to: Whether you’re building developer utilities, scripting deployment processes, or simply chaining […]

In Python, a nonlocal variable is one that comes from an outer (but not global) function. When you use the nonlocal keyword, you tell Python, “Hey, I want to change that outer variable, not create a new one.” Why does this matter? Because sometimes, you want a nested function to remember and update something —

A closure is a special kind of function in Python that remembers values from the environment where it was created—even if that environment no longer exists. In other words, a closure “closes over” variables from its outer function and keeps them safe inside. Why does this matter? Closures help you keep data private and create

In Python, a curried function is a function that doesn’t take all its arguments at once. Instead, it takes them one by one—each time returning a new function that remembers the previous arguments. This continues until all the arguments are received and the final result can be produced. Why would you want to do that?

In Python, a docstring is a short message you write inside your code to explain what something does. It stands for documentation string. You place it right below a function, class, or module — inside triple quotes (“””like this”””). Docstrings are not comments. They are part of your code and can be seen when someone

Recursion in Python is when a function calls itself to solve smaller parts of a bigger problem. This technique is useful when a task can be broken into simpler sub-tasks that look just like the original—like counting backwards, breaking down a number, or exploring nested lists and trees. It helps you solve problems by repeating

Active threads are the threads that are currently running or still alive in your Python program. Knowing which threads are active can help you monitor your program’s progress, manage resources better, or debug issues when multiple threads are involved. In this article, you will learn how to use Python’s threading.enumerate() to get a list of

In Python, the main thread is the first thread that starts when your program runs. It acts like the boss, controlling the overall flow of your program. Sometimes, when working with multiple threads, you need to know which thread is the main one—for example, to manage thread behavior or to make sure certain code runs

When you write programs with threads, multiple tasks can run at the same time. But inside each task, you might wonder: “Which thread is running this?” That’s where Python gives you a helpful tool. The threading module includes a simple function: current_thread(). This lets you check the identity of the thread currently running your code.

In Python, both processes and threads help you run multiple tasks at the same time. A process is like a separate program running on your computer, each with its own memory. A thread is a smaller task running inside a program, sharing the same memory with other threads. Using processes and threads makes your programs